E-Voting & Electorate Attitude in 2023 Election in Nigeria
Keywords:
E-voting, Technology, Ethnicity, Religion, Culture, Voting Behaviour, TAM
Abstract
The successful implementation of electronic voting or counting in an election should have as a first step a comprehensive project management plan. The management plan should detail the steps necessary for effective implementation, the schedule for these steps, as well as the personnel responsible for carrying them out, and should identify risks associated with the implementation and how these risks can be addressed. The study's three aims are to determine the impact of electronic voting on voter attitudes in the Rivers State election of 2023. TAM was utilised as the study's theoretical framework. A closed-ended Likert-Scaled questionnaire was used to collect the data, and descriptive statistics and simple percentages were employed to analyse the results. The results showed that religion, culture, technology, and ethnicity all had an impact on the opinions of the electorate in Rivers State. It was most concluded that votes are cast during elections with ethnicity as the major determining factor. Among other issues, the paper recommended that, because the country needs major restructuring, the people of Nigeria need to look inward to elect the best among all aspirants devoid of any ethnicity, religion and culture sentiments.
References
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28. Momodu, I.B.& Omogbhemhe, M.L. (2013). UML models for electronic voting system. Nigerian Annals of Natural Sciences, 13(2), 1-9.
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31. Musa, A., Ayo, C.K.,& John, S.N. (2011). Building a multimodal, trust-based e-voting system. Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing (EEE'11 - The 2011 International Conference on e-Learning, e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and e-Government. USA, July).
32. Nnaeto, J. O., &Ndoh, J. A. (2018). Electronic voting and credible election in Nigeria: A study of Owerri Senatorial Zone.Journal of Management and Strategy, 9(3), 30.
33. Okeke, R.C. (2015). Harnessing diversity of cultural capacities for sustainable development in Nigeria. Paper presented at the International Conference on Harnessing Diversity for Sustainable Development. Nsukka: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nsukka, 21–22 October 2015. E-Voting, “Countries with e-voting projects. Available: http://aceproject.org/aceen/focus/e-voting/countries
34. Oladiran, A. (2013). Ethnic politics and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(12), 697-704.
35. Queen, E. I. (2021). Premium times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/489470-electoral-act-inec-free-to-use-electronic-voting-transmission-as-senate-bows-to-pressure.html
36. Radosevic, S. (1999). International technology transfer and catch-up in economic development. Nothampton, MA: Edward Edgar Publishing.
37. Sabo, A., Siti, A. J., Abdullahb, B, T.,& Rozita, B. A. (2015). Issues and Challenges of Transition to e-Voting technology in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research, 5(4), 95-102.
38. Serdült, U., Germann, M., Harris, M., Mendez, F., & Portenier, A. (2015). Who are the Internet Voters? In E. Tambouris & et al. (Eds.), Electronic Government and Electronic Participation. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
39. Smartmatic, (2019). What is electronic voting and its Advantages. https://elections.smartmatic.com/electronic-voting-advantages/
40. Sylvia, U. A., Vincent, O., Sunday, O., Adeline, I. (2013). Voter apathy and the revival of genuine political participation in Nigeria.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,4, 56.
41. Tankiso, M. (2021). Factors influencing the intention of youth to adopt electronic voting in South Africa.
42. Trechsel, A. H., & Gasser, U. (2013). Casting votes on the internet: Switzerland and the future of elections. Harvard International Review, 34(4). Retrieved from http://hir.harvard.edu/the-future-of-democracycasting-votes-on-the-internet/
43. Trechsel, A. H., Vassil, K., & et al. (2010). Internet voting in Estonia - A comparative analysis of four elections since 2005. Report for the Council of Europe (Technical Report). Council of Europe. Retrieved from http://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/15688
44. Umoru, H. (2012). Nigeria not ripe for Diaspora voting, says Andy Uba. Vanguard. Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/nigeria-not-ripe-for-diaspora-voting-says-andy-uba/
45. Vassil, K., Solvak, M., Vinkel, P., Trechsel, A. H., & Alvarez, R. M. (2016). The diffusion of internet voting. Usage patterns of internet voting in Estonia between 2005 and 2015. Gov. Inf. Q., 33(3), 453–459. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.007.
46. Wildavsky, A. (1987). choosing preferences by constructing institutions: a cultural theory of preference formation. American Political Science Review, 81, 3-21
47. Zeenat, O. S. (2022). Technology, e-voting and credible elections in Nigeria. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/526697-technology-e-voting-and-credible-elections-ine-nigeria-by-zeenat-o-sambo.html. Accessed 0n 14th August, 2022. Electoral Studies. Volume 30, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 184-200 https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/electoral-studies
2. Afe, B. (2021). The e-voting system vis-à-vis Nigeria’s electoral challenges. Vanguard newspapers. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/12/the-e-voting-system-vis-a-vis-nigerias-electoral-challenges/
3. Ahmad, S., Abdullah S. A.,& Arshad, R.(2015). Issues and challenges of transition to e-voting technology in Nigeria.Public Policy and Administration Research, 5(4), 95-102.
4. Ajiboye, A.R., Jimoh, R. G., Adewole, K.S., & Oladipo, I.D. (2013). Modeling and evaluation of e-voting system for sustainable credible election.International Journal of Applied Information System, 5(3),8-14.
5. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
6. Alvarez, R. M., Hall, T. E., & Trechsel, A. H. (2009). Internet voting in comparative perspective: the case of Estonia. PS: Political Science & Politics, 42(03), 497–505. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096509090787
7. Arthur, C. (2014). Estonian e-voting shouldn’t be used in European elections, say security experts. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/12/estonian-e-voting-securitywarning-european-elections-research
8. Azeez, A. (2009). Ethnicity, party politics and democracy in Nigeria: Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) as Agent of Consolidation? Stud Tribes Tribals, 7(1), 1-9.
9. Bardi, L., Bartolini, S., & Trechsel, A. H. (Eds.). (2014). The role of parties in twenty-first century politics: responsive and responsible. Routledge.
10. Ben, G., & Holly, R. (2015). Implementing and overseeing electronic voting and counting technologies. Chapter 2.3: implementing electronic voting or electronic counting in an election. National Democratic Institute & International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
11. Brown, D. (2005). Electronic government and public administration. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71, 241-254. doi:10.1177/0020852305053883
12. Chalela, N. S., Valencia, A. A., Bermúdez, H. J., &Ortega, R. C.M. (2016) Percepciones estudiantiles acerca del uso de nuevas tecnologías en instituciones de educación superior en medellín. Revista Lasallista De Investigación, 13, 151-162.
13. Davis, F. D. (1985). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. (Doctoral dissertation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
14. Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319-340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
15. Davis, F.D., Bagozzi, R.P.,& Warshaw, P.R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35, 982-1003. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982,
16. Díez, L.F., Valencia, A.,& Bermúdez, J. (2017). Agent-based model for the analysis of technological acceptance of mobile learning. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 15, 1121-1127. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2017.7932700
17. Dreitzel, H. P. (1977). On the political meaning of culture. In Norman Birnbaum, ed., Beyond the Crisis. London: Oxford University Press.
18. Enloe, C. H. (1978). Ethnicity, bureaucracy and state-building in Africa and Latin America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1(3), 336-351.
19. Freyer, U. (2017). Use of ICT in electoral processes - introduction of electronic voting in Namibia. Electoral Commission of Namibia, 1-21.
20. Goodman, N. (2014). Internet voting in a local election in Canada. In B. Grofman, A. H. Trechsel, & M. N. Franklin (Eds.), The Internet and Democracy in a Global Perspective. Berlin: Springer.
21. Heywood, A. (2004). Politics. Palgrave Foundation: New York
22. Iferi, B. (2011). No voting rights for Nigerians in Diaspora soon. Daily Times NG. Retrieved from http://dailytimes.com.ng/article/no-voting-rights-nigerians-diaspora-soon
23. King, W.R., & He, J. (2006). A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 43, 740-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.05.003
24. Lin, W. B. (2003). Technology transfer as technological learning: A source of competitive advantage for firms with limited R & D resources. R & D Management, 33(3), 327-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00301.
25. Makhora, E. V. (2018). State youth policy in the field of electoral education. Scientific Papers of the Moscow University for the Humanities, 1, 84-88. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gosudarstvennaya-molodezhnaya-politika-v-blastielektoralnogo-prosvescheniya/viewer
26. Maxwell, R. B. (2019). Three key issues dominating Nigeria’s election. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/three-key-issues-dominating-nigeria-s-election/
27. Mityunova, I. G. (2020). Factors of increasing the electoral activity of Russian youth. Beneficium, 1(34), 65-70. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/faktory-povysheniyaelektoralnoy-aktivnosti-rossiyskoy-molodezhi/viewer.
28. Momodu, I.B.& Omogbhemhe, M.L. (2013). UML models for electronic voting system. Nigerian Annals of Natural Sciences, 13(2), 1-9.
29. Moses, D., Charles, A., Samuel, O., &Aderonke, (2015). Making a case for e-voting in Nigeria.Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on e-government, 100-106.
30. Mursi, M. F. M., Abdelhafez, A., & Abo, K. M. (2013). On the development of electronic voting: a survey on the development of electronic voting: a survey. International Journal of Computer Applications, 61(16), 1-16. doi: 10.5120/10009-4872.
31. Musa, A., Ayo, C.K.,& John, S.N. (2011). Building a multimodal, trust-based e-voting system. Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing (EEE'11 - The 2011 International Conference on e-Learning, e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and e-Government. USA, July).
32. Nnaeto, J. O., &Ndoh, J. A. (2018). Electronic voting and credible election in Nigeria: A study of Owerri Senatorial Zone.Journal of Management and Strategy, 9(3), 30.
33. Okeke, R.C. (2015). Harnessing diversity of cultural capacities for sustainable development in Nigeria. Paper presented at the International Conference on Harnessing Diversity for Sustainable Development. Nsukka: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nsukka, 21–22 October 2015. E-Voting, “Countries with e-voting projects. Available: http://aceproject.org/aceen/focus/e-voting/countries
34. Oladiran, A. (2013). Ethnic politics and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(12), 697-704.
35. Queen, E. I. (2021). Premium times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/489470-electoral-act-inec-free-to-use-electronic-voting-transmission-as-senate-bows-to-pressure.html
36. Radosevic, S. (1999). International technology transfer and catch-up in economic development. Nothampton, MA: Edward Edgar Publishing.
37. Sabo, A., Siti, A. J., Abdullahb, B, T.,& Rozita, B. A. (2015). Issues and Challenges of Transition to e-Voting technology in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research, 5(4), 95-102.
38. Serdült, U., Germann, M., Harris, M., Mendez, F., & Portenier, A. (2015). Who are the Internet Voters? In E. Tambouris & et al. (Eds.), Electronic Government and Electronic Participation. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
39. Smartmatic, (2019). What is electronic voting and its Advantages. https://elections.smartmatic.com/electronic-voting-advantages/
40. Sylvia, U. A., Vincent, O., Sunday, O., Adeline, I. (2013). Voter apathy and the revival of genuine political participation in Nigeria.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,4, 56.
41. Tankiso, M. (2021). Factors influencing the intention of youth to adopt electronic voting in South Africa.
42. Trechsel, A. H., & Gasser, U. (2013). Casting votes on the internet: Switzerland and the future of elections. Harvard International Review, 34(4). Retrieved from http://hir.harvard.edu/the-future-of-democracycasting-votes-on-the-internet/
43. Trechsel, A. H., Vassil, K., & et al. (2010). Internet voting in Estonia - A comparative analysis of four elections since 2005. Report for the Council of Europe (Technical Report). Council of Europe. Retrieved from http://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/15688
44. Umoru, H. (2012). Nigeria not ripe for Diaspora voting, says Andy Uba. Vanguard. Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/nigeria-not-ripe-for-diaspora-voting-says-andy-uba/
45. Vassil, K., Solvak, M., Vinkel, P., Trechsel, A. H., & Alvarez, R. M. (2016). The diffusion of internet voting. Usage patterns of internet voting in Estonia between 2005 and 2015. Gov. Inf. Q., 33(3), 453–459. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.007.
46. Wildavsky, A. (1987). choosing preferences by constructing institutions: a cultural theory of preference formation. American Political Science Review, 81, 3-21
47. Zeenat, O. S. (2022). Technology, e-voting and credible elections in Nigeria. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/526697-technology-e-voting-and-credible-elections-ine-nigeria-by-zeenat-o-sambo.html. Accessed 0n 14th August, 2022. Electoral Studies. Volume 30, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 184-200 https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/electoral-studies
Published
2023-07-14
How to Cite
Charles, Chinedu, Nzenwa, Henry Ozuru, & Emeka J. Okereke. (2023). E-Voting & Electorate Attitude in 2023 Election in Nigeria. Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance, 4(7), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.51699/cajitmf.v4i7.554
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