Forensic Accounting, Fraud Detection, and Prevention in Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria
Abstract
This study examines the critical role of forensic accounting in detecting and preventing fraud in Nigerian Deposit Money Banks. Despite increased regulatory efforts, financial institutions continue to face evolving fraud schemes, highlighting a persistent knowledge gap in effective fraud management practices. The research aims to assess how forensic accounting techniques such as trend analysis, data mining, and asset misappropriation detection influence fraud prevention. A survey research design was employed, using data from 18 registered Nigerian Deposit Money Banks as of December 31, 2022. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires and analyzed using panel corrected standard error regression and descriptive statistics to address heteroscedasticity and endogeneity issues. Findings revealed that trend analysis (β = 0.5329, t = 7.017, p < 0.001), data mining (β = 0.4109, t = 5.700, p < 0.001), and asset misappropriation detection (β = 0.6325, t = 8.153, p < 0.001) significantly enhance fraud detection and prevention. The study concludes that forensic accounting tools are essential for safeguarding financial institutions' integrity, emphasizing the need for continuous adoption of advanced fraud detection methods.
References
[2] M. H. A. Abdulrahman, M. S. A. Yajid, A. Khatibi, and S. M. F. Azam, "The Impact of Forensic Accounting on Fraud Detection in the UAE Banking Sector: An Empirical Study," European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 137-162, 2020. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3714480.
[3] S. Abdulrahman, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Prevention in Nigerian Public Sector: A Conceptual Paper," International Journal of Accounting and Finance, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 13-21, 2019.
[4] G. A. Adebayo, "Influence of Forensic Accounting on Fraud Prevention and Detection in Nigerian Financial Sector: A Case of the Bank and Insurance Companies," International Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Management (IJHSSM), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 43-54, 2023.
[5] S. O. Afriyie, M. O. Akomeah, G. Amoakohene, B. C. Ampimah, C. E. Ocloo, and M. O. Kyei, "Forensic Accounting: A Novel Paradigm and Relevant Knowledge in Fraud Detection and Prevention," International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 615-624, 2023. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2021.2009855.
[6] E. I. Agboare, "Impact of Forensic Accounting on Financial Fraud Detection in Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria," African Journal of Accounting and Financial Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 74-119, 2021. doi: 10.52589/AJAFR-RUC0S0IQ.
[7] O. E. Akinbowale, P. Mashigo, and M. F. Zerihun, "The Integration of Forensic Accounting and Big Data Technology Frameworks for Internal Fraud Mitigation in the Banking Industry," Cogent Business and Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23-46, 2023. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2022.2163560.
[8] F. D. Alfordy, "Effective Detection and Prevention of Fraud: Perceptions Among Public and Private Sectors Accountants and Auditors in Saudi Arabia," E a M. Ekonomie a Management, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 106-121, 2022. doi: 10.15240/tul/001/2022-3-007.
[9] I. Alhasan, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection and Prevention in the Nigerian Public Sector," International Journal of Empirical Finance and Management Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2021.
[10] A. R. Al Natour, H. Al-Mawali, H. Zaidan, and Y. H. Z. Said, "The Role of Forensic Accounting Skills in Fraud Detection and the Moderating Effect of CAATs Application: Evidence from Egypt," Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 34-55, 2023. doi: 10.1108/JFRA-05-2023-0279.
[11] M. E. Al-Sharaivi, "The Role of Forensic Accounting in Limiting Tax Evasion in the Jordanian Public Individual Shareholdings Companies Through the Perspective of Jordanian Economics and Finance," International Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 233-243, 2018.
[12] A. H. Alsheikh, W. H. Alsheikh, and H. M. Kareem, "Factors Implanted in the Successful Implementation of Forensic Accounting: An Empirical Study on Academicians and Practitioners," Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 10-21, 2022. doi: 10.18488/73.v11i1.3225.
[13] H. Alshurafat, M. Alaqrabawi, and M. O. Al Shbail, "Developing Learning Objectives for Forensic Accounting Using Bloom’s Taxonomy," Accounting Education, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 38-61, 2023. doi: 10.1080/09639284.2023.2222271.
[14] A. Anyadufu and G. U. Obi, "Forensic Accounting Services and Its Effect on Fraud Prevention in Manufacturing Firms in Anambra State," Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 106-117, 2023. doi: 10.56201/jafm.v9.no3.2023.pg106.117.
[15] B. S. Ayinla, O. F. Asuzu, N. L. Ndubuisi, C. U. Ike, A. Atadoga, and R. A. Adeleye, "Utilising Data Analytics for Fraud Detection in Accounting: A Review and Case Studies," International Journal of Science and Research Archive, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1348-1363, 2024. doi: 10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0221.
[16] F. Aziz, "Data Analytics Impacts in the Field of Accounting," World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 946-951, 2023. doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.2.0863.
[17] B. M. Badiyani and N. S. Rohit, "Recent Developments in Forensic Accounting and the Need of Ongoing Research and Innovation for Fraud Detection," International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1-7, 2023. doi: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5391.
[18] F. A. Badua, "Poirot, Pacioli, and Pedagogy: Using Accounting History to Build an Introductory Forensic Accounting Course," Accounting Historians Journal, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2022. doi: 10.2308/AAHJ-2022-013.
[19] S. Bakhtiari, Z. Nasiri, and J. Vahidi, "Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Ensemble Data Mining Methods," Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 29057-29075, 2023. doi: 10.1007/s11042-023-14698-2.
[20] L. D. Bako, A. V. Atayi, D. I. Usman, and A. S. Chinshaka, "Forensic Accounting and Detection of Occupational Fraud in Nigerian Deposit Money Banks," International Journal of Social Science and Education Research Studies, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 778-786, 2022. doi: 10.556777/ijssers/V02I12Y2022-10.
[21] B. A. Bashir and N. O. Augustine, "Fighting Fraud in Nigerian Banking Industry: An Examination of the Impact of Forensic Auditing," International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research (IJAMR), vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 22-32, 2019.
[22] M. S. Beasley, N. C. Goldman, C. M. Lewellen, and M. McAllister, "Board Risk Oversight and Corporate Tax-Planning Practices," Journal of Management Accounting Research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 7-32, 2021.
[23] M. S. Beasley, A. Blay, C. Lewellen, and M. McAllister, "Tempering Financial Reporting Risk Through Board Risk Management," Journal of Risk and Financial Management, vol. 16, no. 491, pp. 1-22, 2023. doi: 10.3390/jrfm16120491.
[24] P. F. Bingilar and O. B. Light, "Forensic Audit: A Tool for Fraud Detection and Prevention in Nigerian Banks," IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 6-14, 2021.
[25] J. R. Cooper and B. S. Kawada, "Balboa Security v. M & M Systems: Forensic Accounting for Determining Commercial Damages," Journal of Accounting Education, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 57-96, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccedu.2021.100755.
[26] D. R. Cressey, Other People’s Money, Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1953.
[27] M. R. Efut and E. I. Okoye, "Empirical Analysis of the Relevance of Forensic Accounting as a Panacea to Fraud Detection and Prevention in Nigeria," Business Law, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 31-52, 2019. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7724981.
[28] M. A. Egiyi, "Forensic Accounting as a Tool for Fraud Detection and Prevention in Business Organisations," International Journal of Economics and Public Policy, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 12-18, 2022. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7724981.
[29] E. U. Eko, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Management in Nigeria," Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 2022. doi: 10.55217/102.v14i1.505.
[30] A. Ekundayo, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud in Private Sector in Nigeria: A Study on Accountants’ Perceptions in Adeniji Agboola & Co.," B.B.A. thesis, Centria Univ. of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2020.
[31] U. E. Ewa, W. A. Adesola, and J. M. Eseneyen, "Evaluation of Forensic Accounting Techniques in Fraud Prevention/Detection in the Banking Sector in Nigeria," International Journal of Finance and Accounting, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 56-66, 2020. doi: 10.5923/j.ijfa.20200903.02.
[32] C. T. Florenz, "Exploring a New Element of Fraud: A Study on Selected Financial Accounting Fraud Cases in the World," American International Journal of Contemporary Research, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 112-121, 2012.
[33] L. E. Franca, O. Clifford, and E. Solomon, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection in Nigerian Public Sector: A Case Study of Rivers State," Asian Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 275-286, 2023.
[34] D. O. Gbegi and J. F. Adebisi, "The New Fraud Diamond Model: How Can It Help Forensic Accountants in Fraud Investigation in Nigeria?" European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 129-138, 2013.
[35] T. W. Golden, S. L. Skalak, and M. M. Clayton, A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation, 2nd ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
[36] M. M. S. Hasan, A. R. A. Latiff, and Z. Z. Abidin, "Impact of Forensic Accounting for Strengthening Company’s Internal Audit Systems in Prevention and Detection of Financial Fraud: A Review," European Journal of Business and Management, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 84-110, 2024. doi: 10.7176/EJBM/16-3-07.
[37] S. W. U. Hassan, S. Kiran, S. Gul, I. N. Khatatbeh, and B. Zainab, "The Perceptions of Accountants/Auditors on the Role of Corporate Governance and Information Technology in Fraud Detection and Prevention," Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28-56, 2023. doi: 10.1108/JFRA-05-2023-0235.
[38] K. F. A. Ibrahim, S. O. Ademu, and O. A. Olonite, "Forensic Accounting Techniques and Fraud Detection in Nigeria: Evidence from Altman Z-Score Model Application in Oil and Gas Industry," International Journal of Research in Academic World, vol. 1, no. 15, pp. 90-98, 2022.
[39] A. M. Idogho and B. B. Orbunde, "Role of Forensic Accounting in Fraud Detection and Prevention in the Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs)," International Journal of Accounting, Business and Entrepreneurship (IJABE), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 302-314, 2021.
[40] W. Ikhsan, E. Ednoer, W. Kridantika, and A. Firmansyah, "Fraud Detection Automation Through Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence," Riset: Jurnal Aplikasi Ekonomi Akuntansi dan Bisnis, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 103-119, 2022. doi: 10.37641/riset.v4i2.166.
[41] J. O. Imoniana, M. T. P. Antunes, and H. Formigoni, "The Forensic Accounting and Corporate Fraud," Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 119-144, 2019.
[42] M. S. Islam, N. Farah, and T. Wang, "Accounting Data Analytics in R: A Case Study Using Tidyverse," Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 243-250, 2023. doi: 10.2308/JETA-2021-023.
[43] A. Ismail, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection and Prevention in the Nigerian Public Sector," International Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 108-115, 2020.
[44] K. I. Jones and S. Sah, "The Implementation of Machine Learning in the Insurance Industry With Big Data Analytics," International Journal of Data Informatics and Intelligent Computing, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 21-38, 2023. doi: 10.59461/ijdiic.v2i2.47.
[45] B. Kaur, K. Sood, and S. Grima, "A Systematic Review on Forensic Accounting and Its Contribution Towards Fraud Detection and Prevention," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 60-95, 2023. doi: 10.1108/JFRC-02-2022-0015.
[46] R. V. Krejcie and D. W. Morgan, "Determining Sample Size for Research Activities," Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 607-610, 1970.
[47] C. Lilian, "Forensic Auditing and Fraud Detection in Nigeria: Evidence From Publicly Quoted Commercial Banks," American International Journal of Contemporary Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 56-78, 2020.
[48] A. Mandal and S. Amilan, "Evaluating the Perceived Usefulness and Fairness of Forensic Accounting and Investigation Standards," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 54-80, 2023. doi: 10.1108/JFRC-12-2022-0157.
[49] W. Newman, Z. Tshuma, and L. Sitsha, "An Analysis of Effects of Forensic Auditing in Detecting Fraud in State-Owned Enterprises: A Case Study of ZESA," Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 85-107, 2023. doi: 10.32602/jafas.2023.025.
[50] B. O. Normah and F. M. D. Hesri, "Fraud Diamond Risk Indicator: An Assessment of Its Importance and Usage," in International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR 2010), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2010, pp. 607-612.
[51] F. C. Obiora, J. K. J. Onuora, and O. A. Amodu, "Forensic Accounting Services and Its Effect on Fraud Prevention in Health Care Firms in Nigeria," World Journal of Finance and Investment Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 16-28, 2022.
[52] O. Odeyemi et al., "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection: A Review of Techniques in the Digital Age," Finance & Accounting Research Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 202-214, 2024. doi: 10.51594/farj.v6i2.788.
[53] B. C. Ofoje and N. Aggreh, "Computerised Forensic Investigation Techniques and Fraud Detection in the Public Sector: Perception of Professional Accountants in Anambra State," Journal of Global Accounting, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 407-447, 2023.
[54] A. Ojo-Agbodu, J. Abiola, and E. I. Ndubusi, "Effect of Forensic Accounting on Fraud Detection and Prevention in Selected Quoted Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria," Fuoye Journal of Finance and Contemporary Issues, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 36-48, 2022.
[55] S. E. Ojukwu, J. J. Ubi, K. O. Olugbemi, M. D. Olugbemi, and C. C. Emefiele, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection in Nigerian Universities (A Study of Cross River University of Technology)," Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 61-72, 2020.
[56] E. I. Okoye, S. I. Adeniyi, and O. N. James, "Effect of Forensic Accounting on Fraud Management in Selected Firms in Nigeria," International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 149-168, 2019.
[57] E. I. Okoye, S. I. Adeniyi, and F. O. Igbojindu, "Effect of Forensic Accounting Investigation in Detecting Fraud in Nigerian Deposit Money Bank," International Journal of Innovative Finance and Economics Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23-33, 2020.
[58] E. I. Okoye, U. J. Nwoye, B. N. Akuchi, and A. C. Onyema, "Effect of Forensic Investigation Techniques in Detecting Occupational Fraud in the Public Sector: A Study of Ministry of Finance, Anambra State," International Journal of Innovative Finance and Economics Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 117-124, 2020.
[59] K. R. E. Okoye and C. I. Mbanugo, "Forensic Accounting: A Tool for Fraud Detection and Prevention in the Public Tertiary Institutions in South East Nigeria," European Journal of Education Studies, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 323-334, 2020. doi: 10.46827/ejes.v7i6.3148.
[60] F. O. Oladipupo and C. A. Omolola, "Forensic Accounting as a Tool for Fraud Prevention and Detection in Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria," British International Journal of Education and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 4519-6511, 2019.
[61] N. O. Olaniyan, A. T. Ekundayo, O. E. Oluwadare, and T. Omolade Bamisaye, "Forensic Accounting as an Instrument for Fraud Detection and Prevention in the Public Sector: Moderating on Ministries, Departments, and Agencies in Nigeria," Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Oeconomia, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 49-59, 2021. doi: 10.22630/ASPE.2021.20.1.5.
[62] A. S. Olukayode, "Forensic Accounting Investigation Techniques and Successful Prosecution of Corruption Cases in Nigeria," International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 37-44, 2018.
[63] S. A. Owolabi and O. A. Ogunsola, "Forensic Auditing and Fraud Detection in the Nigerian Deposit Money Banks," American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 347-355, 2021.
[64] P. K. Ozili, "Forensic Accounting Research Around the World," Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-43, 2023. doi: 10.1108/JFRA-02-2023-0106.
[65] M. Pejic-Bach, "Selection of Variables for Credit Risk Data Mining Models: Preliminary Research," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 97-111, 2023.
[66] S. Riadi and P. Aprilian, "Fraud Prevention: Exploring the Contributions of Forensic Accounting, Investigative Auditing, and Whistleblowing Effectiveness," International Journal of Law Policy and Governance, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 42-49, 2024. doi: 10.54099/ijlpg.v3i1.897.
[67] S. Rizqa, K. Fariyana, and D. E. Adi, "Detecting Financial Statement Fraud Using Fraud Diamond (A Study on Banking Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2012-2016)," Asia Pacific Fraud Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 183-190, 2019.
[68] O. S. Salami, "The Effect of Forensic Accounting, Detection, and Prevention on Financial Performance in Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria," International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 112-136, 2021. doi: 10.11648/j.ijafrm.20210604.13.
[69] V. J. Singh, P. Sharma, and A. Mehta, "Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges," International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT), vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 275-282, 2023. doi: 10.48175/IJARSCT-9414.
[70] T. H. Sulaiman, S. A. R. Ajiteru, and J. N. Abalaka, "Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection and Prevention in Nigerian Public Sector Using Federal Capital Territory, Abuja - Nigeria as Case Study," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Development, Education and Science Research (IJEDESR), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 172-189, 2023. doi: 10.48028/iiprds/ijedesr.v7.i1.15.
[71] R. Thanasak, "The Fraud Factors," International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences (IJMAS), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2013.
[72] D. T. Tiruneh, "Application of Forensic Accounting and Auditing Techniques for Fraud Detection and Prevention: The Case of the Ethiopian Public Sector Audit," Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 63-78, 2021.
[73] E. Uniamikogbo, A. S. Adeusi, and C. Amu, "Forensic Audit and Fraud Detection and Prevention in the Nigerian Banking Sector," Accounting and Taxation Review, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 121-139, 2019.
[74] A. A. G. S. Utama and B. Basuki, "Exploration of Themes Based on Twitter Data in Fraud-Forensic Accounting Studies," Cogent Business and Management, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 78-102, 2022. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2022.2135207.
[75] D. Wolfe and D. R. Hermanson, "The Fraud Diamond: Considering Four Elements of Fraud," The CPA Journal, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 38-42, 2004.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In submitting the manuscript to the Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
License and Copyright Agreement
Authors who publish with Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.