Model of Multi-Layered Security Zones and Security Strategies for Tourism Security in Samarkand

Abstract

This article examines a multi-layered tourism security zone model developed for Samarkand, one of the most significant cultural and tourism destinations in Uzbekistan and Central Asia. The study aims to systematize tourism safety management by dividing the city into four interconnected security zones: the historical core, the hotel and service ring, the mass event and festival areas, and transport corridors. Each zone is analyzed according to its specific risk profile, tourist flow characteristics, infrastructure conditions, and security requirements. The research demonstrates that tourism safety cannot be managed through a single centralized approach, but requires spatially differentiated and risk-based strategies. The historical core is identified as a high-sensitivity heritage and image zone, while the second zone focuses on everyday tourist services and minor risk prevention. The third zone addresses dynamic crowd management during public events, and the fourth zone ensures safety at transport entry and exit points following international aviation and transport security standards. The study highlights that effective tourism security in Samarkand depends on integrated measures such as technological monitoring, spatial planning, emergency preparedness, and inter-agency cooperation. The proposed model contributes to sustainable tourism development by improving visitor confidence, reducing risks, and strengthening Samarkand’s position as a safe international tourism destination.